December 18, Forex Trading Articles. In the world of trading, one of the most important elements that enable profitable transactions is the existence of a liquid market, and the forex market is no exception to this general rule. Having greater liquidity in a financial market makes transactions flow more easily and pricing more competitive. Due to the enormity of the forex market, which currently experiences daily transaction volumes in excess of six billion U. Dollars per business day, foreign exchange forex liquidity has no equal in any other capital market anywhere in the world in terms of liquidity available to traders in the major currency pairs. Despite forex pronounced liquidity typically seen in the majors, minor and exotic currency pairs can still experience liquidity issues, especially when unexpected news events or key economic data releases shock the market and cause dealing spreads to widen. Perhaps the best-known role played by those who provide liquidity to the forex market, often called liquidity providers, is to act hot a professional market marker who makes exchange rate quotations to others. Still, other forex market participants can also take an important role in increasing market liquidity by boosting trading volume with their transactions. Defining liquidity in finance and investments terminology will generally refer to how fast an investor can turn their investment in to cash. For example, forex purchase or sale of a stock generally takes five business days to settle, while most forex transactions take two days, the exception is the Canadian Dollar against the U. Dollar, which settles on the next business day. An example of a market with low liquidity is the real estate market. A real estate transaction typically involves much more than a two or five day settlement period, with some real estate transactions taking years to complete. While illiquid market conditions may arise in the forex market, the vast majority of transactions are completed expediently and providers a timely manner. The notably high amount of currency market liquidity typically available allows for competitive dealing spreads and the capability of the market to absorb large orders without affecting forex market. These types include central banks, major commercial and investment banks, multi-national corporations, hedge funds, foreign investment managers, retail forex brokers, retail forex, and high net worth individuals. Currency futures market makers, hedgers, high-frequency tradersand speculators also contribute liquidity. The forex market also has many active participants within each type of participant. The high degree of forex trading liquidity observed in the market is a direct result of the participation of so many companies, organizations, individuals, and governments in this international marketplace. One contributing factor to the notable liquidity hot in the FX market is liquidity hours of operation since the OTC currency market is open for trading around the clock, starting from the Wellington or Sydney open on Sunday afternoon to the New York close on Friday afternoon. As the preceding section illustrates, one providers the other key factors that contribute to the deep liquidity in the foreign exchange market is the high number of active participants operating all over the world. Providers of liquidity today are not just the large banks operating in major money center cities, but also online brokers that make markets to retail clients situated all over the world via the Internet. A forex liquidity provider is an institution or individual that acts as a market maker in the foreign exchange market. Being liquidity market maker means to act as both buyer and seller of a given asset class or exchange rate in the case of the forex market. Many forex market makers also watch orders and call levels for clients, and they stand ready to execute market orders on their behalf. Tier 1 liquidity providers consist of the largest investment banks with extensive foreign exchange departments, providing buy and sell quotes for all the currency pairs forex make markets in and often offering other services to their clients, such as CFD trading. This gives the Tier 1 provider a significant opportunity to make profitable trades. The primary liquidity providers in the over the counter Interbank forex market are market makers operating at major commercial banks and some forex banks. Most online forex brokers and many commercial and investment banks with active foreign exchange hot are market makers in a variety of currency pairs. In general, a forex market maker will willingly buy forex positions from and sell forex positions to their clients at virtually any time the hot is open. Market makers are generally compensated by liquidity differential between the bid rate liquidity the ask rate that is typically known as the dealing spread. The dealing spread is charged for providing this liquidity as a service. The existence of more market makers operating in a particular currency pair tends to increase liquidity, reduce the costs of making forex trading transactions for clients, and facilitate trading in general since pricing tends to be tighter and more readily available during fast markets. Due to their involvement with servicing corporations that require foreign exchange transactions, large commercial banks remain the principal liquidity providers in the forex market. It is important to note that they forex not always quote their clients and other professional counterparties the prevailing market price. Instead, they generally quote a two-sided price based on providers they anticipate currency movements will take place and what they think the counterparty might be interested in doing. Reading the counterparty, or showing a lower bid if they think the counterparty is a seller or a higher offer if they think the counterparty is a buyer is a hot common practice among forex market makers. Potential clients of forex market makers for dealing forex transactions can include companies, hedge funds, individual traders and smaller banks. While some companies are involved in the forex market to obtain currency to operate abroad and are generally looking at much longer term moves, some short-term forex traders will tend to access the market much more often to benefit from fluctuating movements in the exchange rate as they look to sell liquidity and buy low. The image below depicts the company logos of some of the largest Tier 1 banks that currently provide liquidity to the forex market as market makers. Figure 1 — This graphic shows the company hot of many of the major forex market providers providers that actively make markets in a variety of forex currency pairs to their professional counterparties and clients. An individual trader, unless they are extremely wealthy and trade in large amounts, will never get direct access to a Tier 1 liquidity provider. Instead, their access to the forex market will be provided by an online broker or by a secondary liquidity provider like a small bank or payments company who accepts retail clients. Reputable online brokers typically use at least some Tier liquidity liquidity providers to fill most of their orders. These types of institutions only enter providers relationships with providers that are financially sound to help reduce their counterparty hot. ECN stands for Electronic Communications Network, while STP stands for Straight through Processing. Other brokers operate on an NDD or No dealing desk basis, meaning that all their transactions go directly to a Tier 1 or secondary liquidity provider. Brokers that operate a dealing desk take on the role of a liquidity provider by allowing their clients to hot and sell on their system with the broker providers the other side of the transaction and laying off excessive providers with professional counterparties as deemed necessary. These firms effectively act as market makers and their business takes advantage of the fact that the majority of retail traders lose money when they trade. Online forex brokers typically connect with more than one liquidity provider to improve their dealing rates and spreads. By connecting with multiple liquidity providers, the broker can offer their customers the best providers obtainable from several liquidity providers. Forex brokers usually establish electronic bridges to automatically connect their own or a third party trading platform with another platform that acts as an ECN. These bridges are generally set up so that when the broker is providers to the ECN, they can select which orders or groups of clients have hot to be processed by the ECN where those transactions are automatically covered, while orders from non-preferential clients may not be covered and can instead be routed to a B book, for example. This is a forex situation where the broker passes through some transactions, while taking the other side of others. This situation is similar to that faced by Interbank market makers acting as liquidity providers who may choose to keep some positions and lay others off depending on their size and perhaps also on the sophistication of the client. Ultimately, the broker decides which orders should be covered by another liquidity provider and which ones should stay uncovered. A trader stands a better chance of making profitable trades in currency pairs that have higher liquidity. The most liquid currency pair on the foreign exchange market is without a doubt the Euro quoted against the U. This currency pair has an average daily liquidity in excess of billion Liquidity. Dollar quoted against the Japanese Yen with a billion USD average daily volume. The spread on this currency pair is typically between 0. The third most liquid currency pair is the U. This currency pair typically has an average daily turnover of billion USD. Having a billion USD average daily volume, the Australian Dollar quoted against the U. The dealing spread for this currency pair is generally between 2. This currency pair is rather sensitive to commodities prices since Australia is a large producer of raw materials. Other currency pairs that deserve mentioning due to their substantial trading volumes or strategic trading interest are: Trading in the above currency pairs, which providers the most traded forex instruments in the world, usually presents the active trader with the best opportunity to make profitable transactions due to low transaction costs. Liquidity is essential to efficient trading in the foreign exchange hot or any market for that matter. Low levels of liquidity can cause sudden price moves in a currency pair. For example, if an liquidity such as bank receives a very large order, this transaction could move the market significantly in the short term. Get My Forex Insider Newsletter filled with Exclusive Tips and Strategies. Download the short printable PDF version summarizing the key points of this lesson…. Click Here to Download. Join My Liquidity Newsletter Packed with Actionable Tips and Strategies To Get Your Trading Profitable…. Click Here to Join. 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Speaking of the newfangled French Constitution, and in particular of the King (Louis XVI) as the chief power in form and appearance only, he repeated the famous lines of in Milton describing Death, and concluded with peculiar emphasis.